He graduated from Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine in 1988. He completed his specialization in Internal Medicine at Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine in 1993. In 1995, he worked at the Diabetes Clinic of the University of Manchester in the UK as part of the "World Diabetes Federation Young Researcher Scholarship." He became an associate professor in 1997 and a full professor in 2003. Currently, he is a faculty member in the Internal Medicine Department, specializing in Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes at Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine. He is a former president of the Turkish Obesity Foundation.

He is also a member of the Turkish Diabetes Society, the Turkish Endocrinology and Metabolism Society, the Diabetes, Obesity, and Nutrition Society, the American Diabetes Association, the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD), and the Mediterranean Group for the Study of Diabetes (MGSD).

Prof. Dr. Taner Damcı participates in ultra-marathon races in various regions of the world, especially in deserts. He has completed 250-kilometer ultramarathons in the Sahara, Atacama, and Gobi deserts, as well as in Antarctica.

Since 2013, he has been working with COGNITA, a program he founded that uses mindfulness to help individuals achieve lasting lifestyle changes for healthier living.

Damcı has published several books, including "Bir Yol Var-Mindfulness ile Yaşam Biçimini Değiştirmek" (2016), "Koşuyorum Öyleyse Varım" (2018), "Sağlık Ararken Aldatılmak" (2020), and "Kara Okyanusun Kıyısında" (2021).